Understanding Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

As we grow older, joint pain becomes more common, particularly on chilly nights. Past injuries from our younger years may resurface, causing discomfort and aching in the same areas.

What is Arthritis?

Arthritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the joints, which can occur in any part of the body but is most common in weight-bearing areas such as the knees, hips, feet, and spine.

This joint inflammation leads to swelling and tenderness, causing pain and discomfort, especially when pressure is applied. Over time, the affected joints become increasingly stiff, and as the condition progresses with age, joint functionality gradually declines.

In Singapore, arthritis is particularly prevalent among the elderly. Studies indicate that up to 40% of seniors have experienced knee pain for more than five years. However, the most concerning aspect of these findings is not just the high prevalence of arthritis but the fact that only half of those affected seek medical treatment, while the other half leave the condition untreated, potentially leading to severe mobility issues.

The most common types of Arthritis include:

• Osteoarthritis (OA) – A degenerative joint disease that results from wear and tear, leading to cartilage breakdown.

• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) – An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation and pain.

• Gout – A form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, often affecting the big toe.

Common Symptoms of Arthritis

The symptoms of arthritis vary depending on the type and severity but generally include:

• Joint pain and stiffness

• Swelling and inflammation in and around joints

• Reduced range of motion

• Muscle fatigue and weakness

• Warmth or redness around affected joints

  
  

Effective Treatment Options for Arthritis

While there is no cure for arthritis, several treatment options can help manage symptoms and improve joint function.

1. Physiotherapy

Physical therapy plays a crucial role in arthritis management. A physical therapist can design a customized exercise plan to:

• Strengthen the muscles around the joints

• Improve flexibility and range of motion

• Reduce stiffness and pain

• Promote better posture and joint alignment

2. Medications

Doctors may prescribe medications to relieve pain and reduce inflammation, such as:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

• Painkillers – These help to reduce pain in the affected areas, but does not help with inflammation. These can be purchased over-the-counter.

• Corticosteroids

• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) – For autoimmune arthritis

• Counterirritants – These are topical creams that are used to apply over the skin of affected areas. They help to reduce pain and aching joints by interfering with pain signal transmission in the affected area.

3. Lifestyle Changes

Making lifestyle adjustments can significantly reduce arthritis symptoms, including:

• Maintaining a Healthy Weight – Excess weight puts added pressure on the joints, especially in weight-bearing areas like the knees.

• Regular Low-Impact Exercise – Activities like swimming, walking, and yoga can improve mobility without causing excessive strain.

• Healthy Diet – Anti-inflammatory foods like fish, nuts, and leafy greens can help reduce arthritis symptoms.

• Stress Management – Techniques like meditation and deep breathing can alleviate stress, which may worsen symptoms.

4. Surgical Options

In severe cases where other treatments fail, surgery may be necessary. Common procedures include:

• Joint Replacement Surgery – Replacing damaged joints with artificial implants.

• Arthroscopy – A minimally invasive procedure to remove damaged tissue.

• Joint Fusion – Fusing bones together to stabilize the affected joint.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience persistent joint pain, swelling, or difficulty in daily activities, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent arthritis from worsening and improve long-term outcomes.

In Singapore, general practitioners or polyclinics are the go-to options for treating common illnesses. Since arthritis is a prevalent condition, many individuals seek treatment at polyclinics, where they receive medications or ointments to manage their symptoms.

However, in more advanced cases where the condition worsens, doctors may refer patients to a rheumatologist, a specialist in joint and muscle disorders. The rheumatologist will conduct a series of tests to accurately diagnose the type and severity of arthritis, allowing for a tailored treatment plan and appropriate aftercare.